A key benefit of the UK government’s proposal to amend the legislative framework for nuclear sites (ref 22) is that operators will have greater flexibility to optimise site end states (SO46). The new framework will allow operators to balance the overall safety and environmental risks associated with remediation and consider a broader range of options in pursuit of the optimised solution.

Pressure on parliamentary time has delayed the necessary amendments to primary legislation. The NDA has continued to work with regulators (safety regulators, environment agencies and local authorities) and the UK government to identify secondary legislation and guidance that will be required to realise the full extent of benefits that the change is expected to deliver. This has included supporting the environment agencies with development of their GRR (ref 23). In particular, the GRR, issued in 2018, incorporates learning from trial applications of previous drafts at 3 NDA sites: Winfrith in Dorset; Trawsfynydd in north Wales; and Dounreay in Caithness, Scotland.

Magnox Limited and Dounreay Site Restoration Limited (DSRL) are optimising the site end state for the 3 ‘lead and learn’ sites because decisions about remediation are imminent. With the exception of Winfrith, it is not expected that the site end state will be achieved for many years. Therefore the focus is on defining an end state assumption in enough detail to inform the next interim state.

The existing end state assumptions were established in 2006 following the formation of the NDA. The recent reviews of end states at the 3 ‘lead and learn’ sites have all highlighted the importance of considering structures below ground (e.g. foundations and basements). All 3 sites have extensive subsurface structures. Excavating these structures would reduce contamination on site and allow immediate unrestricted use of the land, but transporting the waste to be disposed of below ground elsewhere would result in a number of impacts on people and the environment.

The reviews note risks to workers, the public and the environment associated with excavating substructures, transporting waste and importing fresh material to fill voids.

In September 2017, following a period of public consultation, Magnox Limited revised the site end state assumption for the Winfrith site to include leaving structures below ground at the 2 closed reactors (Steam Generating Heavy Water Reactor (SGHWR) and DRAGON), along with some ground contamination. The revision was informed by modelling that predicts land will be suitable for its next planned use (publicly accessible heathland) without removing the subsurface contamination.

Likewise, in March 2019, Magnox Limited revised the site end state assumption for Trawsfynydd to include leaving in place some of the lightly contaminated subsurface structures (e.g. subsurface portion of reactor bioshields and pond structures) and using concrete from demolition of above ground structures as infill for unwanted sub-surface voids. Assessments predict that as a consequence of radioactive decay and the natural degradation of contaminants, the associated land would be suitable for unrestricted use shortly after the existing ILW store has been demolished.

Both of these end state assumptions remain subject to further optimisation, evaluation by regulators and wider stakeholder engagement. Learning from this exercise will feed into work by Magnox Limited to develop site end state assumptions for their remaining sites.

The Dounreay site is more complex. Consequently, DSRL has chosen to look at individual components of the site that together contribute to the site end state. These components include installations, current and future disposals, areas of land contamination, sub-surface structures and other discrete site conditions. Work will initially focus on the key components whose individual end states will have the greatest impact on the overall site end state. DSRL has reached the stage of updating the credible options for the site end state assumption at Dounreay.

These options are informing technical studies which, with the input of key stakeholders, will be used to identify an underpinned and optimised site end state assumption over the next 2 years. This assumption will be subject to an ongoing programme of optimisation.

Building on the work undertaken at the ‘lead and learn’ sites, Sellafield Limited and Low Level Waste Repository Limited (LLWR Limited) have begun to review and optimise the site end state assumptions for their sites. For the LLWR site, the end state assumption for the disposal area is largely defined by the Environmental Safety Case. Work has now commenced on considering the options for the remainder of the site to form a balanced, coherent solution for the whole site.

Site end state options are currently being developed and evaluated taking into account future disposal site operational requirements. These options will be discussed with stakeholders prior to adoption.

Sellafield Limited has initiated a programme of work to review the current site end state assumption, which makes reference to an inner and outer zone. Work is underway to identify credible options for the end state and then initiate assessment of these options. Sellafield Limited will work with stakeholders to ensure that the work is informed by the views of the community around the site. The first proposed steps are to improve on the end state assumption by:

1. No longer considering the site in terms of inner and outer spatial zones, but instead by identifying optimised and sustainable options for components at a smaller scale than the site as a whole
2. Building up the picture of the site end state over time, one component at a time and balancing these in the context of the entire site to ensure that the most sustainable site end state assumption is realised
3. Undertaking an in depth analysis of the component of lightly radioactively contaminated soils and subsurface structures to find the right initial end state assumption based on the benefits and drawbacks of each option. It is important to determine an end state assumption for this component because it affects remediation decisions being made now.

• Advice to the clinically extremely vulnerable to shield ceases from Thursday 1 April, as virus infection rates continue to fall
• People on shielded patient list will receive letters from today with updated guidance on steps people can take to reduce their risk
• More than 9 in 10 clinically extremely vulnerable people have been vaccinated with a first dose of a COVID-19 vaccine

In line with the government’s COVID-19 Response – Spring 2021 roadmap published last month, those on the shielded patient list can begin to follow the national restrictions alongside the rest of the population, but are still advised to take extra precautions to keep themselves safe from COVID-19.

Letters to patients with updated guidance will be arriving from today and over the next 2 weeks. These set out practical steps people can follow to reduce their risk of catching the virus, including continuing to maintain strict social distancing and to keep their overall social contacts at low levels, such as working from home where possible.

The move follows the steady decrease in the number of COVID-19 cases and hospitalisations across the country for the last couple of weeks.

Senior clinicians, including the Deputy Chief Medical Officer for England, Dr Jenny Harries, have recommended that shielding advice is paused nationally from 1 April onwards, as supported by the latest scientific evidence and advice.

With the success of the UK’s COVID-19 vaccination programme, more than 9 in 10 clinically extremely vulnerable people are now vaccinated with their first dose, but it’s still important people continue to follow the national rules and take the additional precautions set out in the guidance to keep themselves as protected as possible.

Local councils and supermarkets will continue to provide support for those shielding until 31 March. If people have already registered for priority access to supermarket delivery slots, they will continue to be able to access these until 21 June 2021.

Deputy Chief Medical Officer for England, Dr Jenny Harries, said:

Shielding has always been an advisory measure to safeguard those who are the most clinically vulnerable in our communities. We recognise how difficult this period has been for so many and the impact it has had on people’s wellbeing.

With the prevalence of the virus in the community continuing to decrease now is the right time for people to start thinking about easing up on these more rigid guidelines.

If you have been shielding, we strongly urge you to take extra precautions following 1 April to keep yourself as safe as possible, such as continuing to observe social distancing and working from home.

We will continue to monitor all of the evidence and adjust this advice should there be any changes in infection rates.

People are still advised to continue working from home where possible, but if people are unable to do so, employers are required by law to take steps to make workplaces COVID-19 secure and should discuss this with their employees.

In February 2021, the government announced a new predictive risk model that helps clinicians identify additional people who may be at higher cumulative risk from COVID-19 due to the combination of their underlying risk factors.

Up to 1.7 million vulnerable individuals were identified by the tool, taking the total number of people in the shielded patient list up to 3.79 million people, as of 6 March 2021. As a result, over 800,000 more adults have been prioritised to receive a vaccine that weren’t already in the top four priority groups for phase one of vaccinations.

Updated guidance will be published on GOV.UK.

Read more about the COVID-19 Response – Spring 2021.

Figures on those on the shielded patient list are published by NHS Digital.

If you are aged 16 or older and have been advised you are clinically extremely vulnerable, you should already have been offered your first dose of the vaccine. If you have not yet received your first dose, please contact your GP.

If you have received your first dose, you should still ensure you take up your second dose of the vaccine when it is offered to you. Having 2 doses should further increase your level of protection.

No vaccine is 100% effective and therefore even if you have had both doses, there is still no absolute guarantee that you will not become ill from COVID-19. Therefore, you should continue to take the extra precautions set out in this guidance to help protect yourself.

See the latest vaccination statistics.

A former defence worker who disclosed highly sensitive information about a UK missile system has had his sentence increased following intervention by the then Solicitor General, Rt Hon Michael Ellis QC MP, who presented the case at the Court of Appeal.

Simon Finch, 50, was formerly employed by two major defence companies who provide contracted services to the Ministry of Defence.

Finch’s personal circumstances began to deteriorate after he was arrested for carrying a hammer and a large kitchen knife in public. He was sentenced to 16 weeks’ imprisonment, suspended for 12 months in 2016. He did not tell his employer of the conviction.

Finch subsequently made a series of complaints about the way he was treated by the police. In February 2018 he left his job and began to plan the unlawful disclosure, recording from memory highly sensitive details of a UK missile system. In October 2018, he deliberately sent the information to several recipients.

He was arrested at his home address in Swansea in March 2019. During the investigation, he refused to disclose the passwords to his personal computers.

On 10 November 2020, Finch was sentenced to 4 years and 6 months’ imprisonment at the Old Bailey. He was also made the subject of a five-year serious crime and prevention order.

Following a referral to the Court of Appeal under the Unduly Lenient Sentence (ULS) scheme, on 2 March the sentence was found to be unduly lenient and has been increased to a sentence of 8 years’ imprisonment.

After the hearing at the Court of Appeal, the now Attorney General, Rt Hon Michael Ellis QC MP, said:

Finch deliberately disclosed highly sensitive information which could have put our national security at risk. His actions could have caused significant harm to British citizens and I welcome the Court of Appeal increasing his sentence today.

A joint venture between the Government’s housing agency, Homes England, one of the world’s biggest housebuilders, Sekisui House, and award-winning property developer Urban Splash has delivered the first modular homes at the new town of Northstowe.

Each Town House home has been created by House by Urban Splash, a company backed by a £90m deal between the government’s housing agency, Urban Splash, and Japan based Sekisui House.

The Town House homes are the first of 406 MMC homes which will form the new community of Inholm on Homes England land at Northstowe.

The arrival of the homes marks a significant milestone for the agency’s 2019 joint venture with Sekisui House and House by Urban Splash, and further cements its commitment to MMC housing.

Housing Minister Rt Hon Christopher Pincher MP said: “Building the homes the country needs is a priority for the government and this development, using modern methods of construction, will not only accelerate this work but deliver better quality and more energy efficient homes too.

“These homes showcase the most promising housebuilding innovations around today and will provide a blueprint for the years to come.”

Chris Shaw, delivery director for House by Urban Splash explained: “We really are pleased to bring our first homes to Inholm. Each of these Town House homes has been created to the highest quality standards in our factory; we then carefully transport each floor – known as a module – to site via road, before craning it into place.

“We’ve been pioneering this concept for a few years now, delivering homes in this way to customers in Manchester, Birmingham, North Shields and Salford.

“It’s great to extend that offering and bring the first modular homes to this new neighbourhood. We cannot wait to see customers move in here and for this new community to flourish as a great place to live, work and play.”

Homes England is committed to supporting smaller housebuilders and developers to adopt MMC to increase the pace of construction, improve quality and energy efficiency and create a more diverse housing sector.

Gordon More, Chief Investment Officer for Homes England, said:

“Seeing our groundbreaking joint venture with Sekisui House and Urban Splash deliver the first MMC homes on our land at Northstowe is a proud moment for everyone at Homes England.

“This ambitious partnership and the creation of a new community of more than 400 MMC homes at the new town is a real statement of our intent to support MMC, encourage new entrants into the market and support the creation of sustainable neighbourhoods where they’re needed most.”

Inholm is one of a number of sites that will form part of Homes England’s 1,500 home research study into modern methods of construction (MMC) to drive innovation in the construction industry.

The study will test the performance of different types of MMC to provide long-term, in-depth and verifiable data so that informed decisions about emerging construction technologies can be made.

Manufactured at the House by Urban Splash factory in Alfreton in the East Midlands, the Town House homes at Inholm use approximately 67% less energy to build compared to an equivalent traditional built project and contain energy-saving features including high-quality insulation, super energy-efficient windows and LED lighting, a hot water cylinder with an integrated airforce heat pump and clean, emission-free.electric heating.