EU citizens could pay less for e-books after plans to allow member states to reduce VAT on e-publications were backed in committee on Wednesday.

An EU Commission proposal to enable member states to charge a reduced rate of VAT on e-books, which would bring them into line with VAT levied on printed matter, was backed by the 48 votes to 1 with 2 abstentions in the Economic and Monetary Affairs Committee.

“Our way of reading has changed rapidly over recent years. Now, it makes no sense to apply a double standard whereby an online newspaper is taxed higher than a printed one you buy in a shop. This new directive will give Member States the option to align VAT on digital content with printed matter,” said the rapporteur Tom Vandenkendelaere (EPP, BE).

Currently, e-books have to be taxed at an EU minimum standard rate of 15%, whereas member states are free to charge the reduced rate of at least 5% — and in some cases, even zero-rates — on printed publications.

Music and videos, as well as publications predominantly consisting of music and video content, would continue to be taxed at the standard VAT rate.

Next steps

The proposal will now be voted by Parliament as a whole on May 31st or April 1st.

• EU needs own process, separate from FATF, to identify possible high-risk countries • Current list excludes countries suspected of tax crimes

The EU should have an autonomous process for judging whether countries are at high-risk of money laundering, say committee MEPs after rejecting for a second time, by 61 votes to 7 with 32 abstentions, a blacklist of countries drawn up by the EU Commission.

The Commission is responsible for producing, under the EU’s Anti-Money Laundering Directive, an inventory of countries thought to be at risk of money laundering, tax evasion and terrorism financing. People and legal entities from blacklisted countries face tougher than usual checks when doing business in the EU. 

An earlier list, drawn up last year — a duplicate of one produced by the international body, the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) — was rejected as too limited by Parliament. 

In Wednesday’s resolution, MEPs from the Economic and Monetary Affairs Committee and the Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs Committee said “the Commission’s process was not sufficiently autonomous” and that the criteria for its list excluded offences giving rise to money laundering, such as tax crimes.

MEPs say the Commission should not be bound by FATF standards when drawing up its own blacklist, which they want to be more expansive and wide-ranging. The Commission says this would require more resources than it has.

The Commission currently identifies eleven countries, including Afghanistan, Iraq, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Syria, which it judges to be deficient in countering money laundering and terrorist financing. This second update makes a minor change to the previous list by dropping Guyana and adding Ethiopia.

Next steps

The resolution now goes to plenary.  If it is supported by more than half of the constituent members of Parliament, the delegated act will be rejected.

Private companies are increasingly used by European countries and the EU to provide security and military services in missions abroad. However, military tasks and the protection of civilians are heavy responsibilities and if something goes wrong it can have fatal consequences. Parliament’s foreign affairs committee has drafted rules to increase the accountability of private security firms and prevent them from taking on military combat tasks. MEPs will vote on the report during the June plenary.

When 17 innocent civilians were killed on Nisour Square by the employees of private company Blackwater contracted by the US army in Baghdad on 16 September 2007, it caused outrage and raised questions on why security was being outsourced to the private sector. Unfortunately, this was not an isolated incident as private contractors have been involved in wounding and killing civilians in Iraq and Afghanistan on various occations. In addition, their employees are rarely convicted.

What private security companies do

Private security firms provide services ranging from armed security guards, to maintenance and operation of weapon systems, combat support, running prisons and interrogations, intelligence and research.

They are used in the EU and outside the EU to compensate for shrinking armed forces or to avoid limitations on the use of troops. According to 2013 figures, there were 40,000 private security companies in the EU employing more than 1.5 million people

Risks and challenges

Private companies have been accused of human rights violations and even causing casualties. They are also subject to less accountability and government control. Some are concerned that they might be above the law and unaccountable for human rights violations and abuses.

What Parliament is considering

The own-initiative report by the foreign affairs and defence committees call for EU-wide rules on private security companies and say their use should be limited to logistical support and the protection of installations, while only EU-based firms should be used for protection tasks abroad.

Online platforms such as Uber, Airbnb and Deliveroo that match providers of goods and services with consumers have become household names in just a few years. The total transactions’ value for the four main sectors involved in the so-called collaborative economy already reached €28 billion in the EU in 2015, nearly double that of 2014. However, this new business model also comes with challenges and opportunities, which are dealt with in a report adopted by the internal market committee on 3 May.

How the collaborative economy works

Each transaction usually involves three parties: the consumer paying for the service, the provider who gets the income and the platform, which matches the two together and takes a fixed commission on the payment.

One of the core ideas is to unlock the value of unused or under-used assets. This could for example be an empty room in an apartment, which could be rented out to visitors. Usually no change of ownership is involved.

Not all collaborative platforms are geared towards generating a profit. Some use alternative, non-monetary currencies such as time or favours, others simply rely on voluntary contribution of their users. One of the best examples is the online encyclopaedia Wikipedia which since launching in 2001 has become the largest encyclopaedia in existence with nearly 5.4 million articles in English.

Collaborative platforms can also be an effective tool for bringing local communities together in the pursuit of common goals.

Challenges

The success of collaborative platforms has raised concerns regarding workers’ rights and unfair advantages these firms might enjoy over traditional companies that are bound by stricter legal regulations. Read more about the controversies surrounding the collaborative economy in our in-depth background article.

Fair working conditions and adequate protection should be guaranteed for all workers in the collaborative economy, according to the report adopted by the internal market committee on 3 May.