The Census and Statistics Department (C&SD) released today (March 21) the preliminary Balance of Payments (BoP) and International Investment Position (IIP) statistics of Hong Kong for the fourth quarter of 2022 and the whole year of 2022. This release also included the preliminary External Debt (ED) statistics of Hong Kong for the same period.
I. Balance of Payments
Hong Kong recorded a BoP deficit of $16.5 billion (2.2% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP)) in the fourth quarter of 2022. Reserve assets correspondingly decreased by the same amount. This compared with a BoP deficit of $138.4 billion (19.1% of GDP) in the third quarter of 2022.
For 2022 as a whole, there was a BoP deficit of $367.2 billion (13.0% of GDP), compared with a deficit of $9.1 billion (0.3% of GDP) in 2021.
Current account
The current account recorded a surplus of $63.8 billion (8.6% of GDP) in the fourth quarter of 2022. This implies that Hong Kong's savings was greater than its investment, enabling Hong Kong to accumulate external financial assets (such as equity securities or debt securities) as a buffer against global financial volatilities. Compared with the current account surplus of $91.9 billion (12.2% of GDP) in the fourth quarter of 2021, the decrease in surplus was due to the decrease in goods surplus, partly offset by the increases in net inflow of primary income and services surplus.
The goods surplus decreased to $0.9 billion in the fourth quarter of 2022, compared with $42.6 billion in the same quarter of 2021. Over the same period, the services surplus increased from $28.4 billion to $31.3 billion. The primary income inflow and outflow amounted to $415.1 billion and $379.7 billion respectively, thus yielding a net inflow of $35.4 billion in the fourth quarter of 2022, compared with a net inflow of $25.2 billion in the same quarter of 2021.
For 2022 as a whole, the current account surplus was $302.3 billion (10.7% of GDP), smaller than that of $339.4 billion (11.8% of GDP) in 2021, due to the decrease in goods balance, partly offset by the increase in services surplus and the decrease in net outflow of secondary income.
Financial account
An overall net outflow of financial non-reserve assets amounting to $49.5 billion (6.7% of GDP) was recorded in the fourth quarter of 2022, compared with an overall net outflow of $286.2 billion (39.5% of GDP) in the third quarter of 2022. The overall net outflow recorded in the fourth quarter of 2022 was due to net outflows of portfolio investment and other investment, partly offset by net inflows of direct investment and cash settlement of financial derivatives.
In the fourth quarter of 2022, reserve assets decreased by $16.5 billion, compared with a decrease of $138.4 billion in the third quarter of 2022.
For 2022 as a whole, financial non-reserve assets recorded an overall net outflow of $658.3 billion (23.3% of GDP), compared with an overall net outflow of $372.4 billion (13.0% of GDP) in 2021. The overall net outflow recorded in 2022 was due to net outflows of other investment and portfolio investment, partly offset by net inflows of cash settlement of financial derivatives and direct investment.
In 2022, reserve assets decreased by $367.2 billion, compared with a decrease of $9.1 billion in 2021.
II. International Investment Position
At the end of the fourth quarter of 2022, both Hong Kong's external financial assets and liabilities stood at a very high level, amounting to $47,437.8 billion (16.8 times of GDP) and $33,685.8 billion (11.9 times of GDP) respectively, a typical feature of a prominent international financial centre.
Hong Kong's net external financial assets (i.e. assets minus liabilities) amounted to $13,752.0 billion (4.9 times of GDP) at the end of the fourth quarter of 2022, compared with $12,967.0 billion (4.6 times of GDP) at the end of the third quarter of 2022. Hong Kong's net external financial assets to GDP ratio is one of the largest in the world, which provides the economy with a strong cushion against sudden external shocks.
III. External Debt
At the end of the fourth quarter of 2022, Hong Kong's gross ED amounted to $14,196.4 billion (5.0 times of GDP). Compared with $14,310.4 billion (also 5.0 times of GDP) at the end of the third quarter of 2022, gross ED decreased by $114.0 billion. This was mainly attributable to the decreases in ED of the banking sector and ED of other sectors, partly offset by the increase in debt liabilities in direct investment (intercompany lending).
As one of the world's major financial centres, Hong Kong has a significant amount of ED held against the local banking sector arising through normal banking businesses. At the end of the fourth quarter of 2022, 57.5% of Hong Kong's ED was attributable to the banking sector. Other ED mainly consisted of ED of other sectors (25.4%) and debt liabilities in direct investment (intercompany lending) (16.6%).
Further information
BoP is a statistical statement that systematically summarises, for a specific time period (typically a year or a quarter), the economic transactions of an economy with the rest of the world (i.e. between residents and non-residents).
IIP is a balance sheet showing the stock of external financial assets and liabilities of an economy at a particular time point. The difference between the external financial assets and liabilities is the net IIP of the economy, which represents either its net claim on or net liability to the rest of the world.
Gross ED, at a particular time point, is the outstanding amount of those actual current, and not contingent, liabilities that are owed to non-residents by residents of an economy and that require payment of principals and/or interests by the debtors at some time points in the future.
Table 1 presents Hong Kong's BoP. Table 2 presents the detailed current account, while Table 3 presents the detailed capital and financial account. Table 4 shows Hong Kong's IIP, and Table 5 shows Hong Kong's ED.
Statistics on BoP, IIP and ED for the fourth quarter of 2022 and the whole year of 2022 are preliminary figures, which are subject to revision upon the availability of more data. With the incorporation of the latest data from surveys and other sources, secondary income statistics for the first half of 2022, capital account statistics from 2020 onwards, and other investment statistics for the third quarter of 2022 have been revised.
More details of the statistics of BoP (including seasonally adjusted current account), IIP and ED, together with the conceptual and methodological details, are presented in the publication Balance of Payments, International Investment Position and External Debt Statistics of Hong Kong, Fourth Quarter 2022 published by the C&SD. Users can download the publication at the website of the C&SD (www.censtatd.gov.hk/en/EIndexbySubject.html?pcode=B1040001&scode=260).
For enquiries about the BoP, IIP and ED statistics, please contact the Balance of Payments Section of the C&SD (Tel: 3903 6979; fax: 2116 0278; email: bop@censtatd.gov.hk).
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